可见光光谱的冬小麦苗期地上生物量估算

地上生物量是表征冬小麦苗期长势的重要参数之一,对于监测冬小麦苗期长势,预测产量具有重要的实际意义。目前,通过计算光谱指数进行生物量估算是冬小麦苗期地上生物量无损测量的主要方法,但该方法需要一定的平台支撑,在便捷性方面存在一定的不足。为此,利用可见光图像数据获取方便、准确率高的特点,基于冬小麦苗期冠层可见光图像数据开展冬小麦苗期地上生物量估算研究。采用数码相机,采集冬小麦苗期冠层可见光图像并利用Canopeo进行冬小麦冠层与背景的分割。在获取冠层分割图像后,提取了CC（canopy cover）、ExG（excessg reen）、ExR（excess red）、ExGR（ExG-ExR）、NGRDI（normalized green-red difference index）、GLI（green leaf index）、RGRI（red-green ratio index）和RGBVI（RGB vegetation index）共8个可见光图像特征。利用相关性分析进行特征优选,选择与冬小麦苗期地上生物量实测数据相关性较高的图像特征构建估算模型。利用优选的图像特征,分别构建偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）、BP神经网络（BPNN）、支持向量机回归（SVR）和随机森林（RF）模型,开展冬小麦苗期地上生物量估算研究,并定量分析特征数量和播种密度对估算模型准确率的影响。结果表明,ExR,GLI和RGBVI与生物量实测数据相关性较低,因此,将这3个特征剔除。CC,ExG,ExGR,NGRDI和RGRI与生物量实测数据的相关性较高,其中CC,ExG和ExGR与生物量实测数据呈正相关,而NGRDI和RGRI与生物量实测数据呈负相关。利用优选的图像特征构建估算模型,研究结果表明,基于优选的5个图像特征,PLSR的估算准确率最高,模型R2为0.801 5,RMSE为0.0788 kg·m-2,表明PLSR能够实现冬小麦苗期地上生物量的准确估算。特征数量是影响估算模型准确率的因素之一,随着特征数量的减少,模型估算的准确率逐步下降。利用不同播种密度数据集对估算模型进行测试,结果表明,PLSR在不同的播种密度数据集上均取得了最高的估算准确率,模型R2分别为0.897,0.827 9和0.788 6,RMSE分别为0.062,0.072和0.079 1 kg·m-2,表明PLSR估算的冬小麦苗期地上生物量数据与实测生物量数据之间具有良好的相关关系。随着播种密度的增加,所有估算模型的准确率均出现下降,而PLSR的准确率下降程度最小。由此可见,基于可见光图像数据,能够实现冬小麦苗期地上生物量的准确估算,为冬小麦苗期田间管理提供参考。     

信贷扩张、生产结构与经济周期波动

本研究以信贷扩张作为经济波动的起因,通过经济体中生产结构的扭曲效应,解释2001~2015年中国经济的周期波动。使用WIOD和WIND数据库构建计量模型对所提假设进行实证检验。结果表明信贷扩张导致整个生产结构先出现不可持续的延长,并在衰退阶段缩短;就产出波动而言,高级和低级阶段都相对于中间阶段更大;但在价格指数方面,从低级阶段、中间阶段到高级阶段,波动性依次增强。总体来看,结果验证了该框架解释中国经济周期波动的适用性。     

A self-consistent multiple-peak structure of the photoemission spectra of metallic Fe 2p as a function of film thickness

The Fe 2p spectrum has a very complex peak structure and a very strong background. Based on the comparison of the spectra for iron film with varying thicknesses, an experimental multiple-peak structure for the metallic Fe 2p spectrum is proposed. The analysis required the use of state-of-the-art background modeling (including the active approach) and peak-fitting methods (including the simultaneous fitting method). A key aspect that allowed for this analysis is that the peak components are the same for various Fe film thicknesses, but with varying relative intensities. The early stages of oxidation are analyzed. The angular dependence of the peak components is also discussed.     

Effect of the nature of acid dopant and oxidizer on the polymerization of aniline in the presence of polycarbonate dispersion

The characteristics of aniline polymerization in the absence and in the presence of a dispersion of polycarbonate powder in dependence on the nature of acid dopant and oxidant has been studied. By monitoring the polymerization in situ by electronic spectroscopy and redoxometry allows the determination of the stages of formation of shell of polyaniline on the surface of polymer particles and the influence of the latter on the rate of these stages and of the process as a whole. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 52–57, January–February, 2008.     

Optimization of membrane area and catalyst distribution in a permeative-stage membrane reactor for methane steam reforming

Methane steam reforming to produce high purity hydrogen is conveniently carried out in membrane reactors. The interest on this process has led to several studies about the influence of the key operating variables on the system performances. In the present paper we focus on the optimization of the catalyst and membrane area axial distribution by computer simulation. To this purpose, a numerical model of a permeative-stage membrane reactor (PSMR), a system composed of traditional reactive and membrane permeative stages laid out in alternated series, has been developed. This is based on 1D mass, momentum and energy balances including thermal effects on all the system properties. First, an equi-sized nine-stage PSMR is analyzed at various temperatures and membrane thicknesses, in comparison with a conventional membrane reactor, showing that improved performances, especially in terms of methane conversion, can be obtained. Then, considering the stage lengths as design variables, the optimal system performances are determined by maximizing two objective functions, namely the methane conversion and the hydrogen recovery factor. Different optimal length distributions are found utilizing the two criteria, corresponding to privileged kinetic or permeative aspects. In comparison to the conventional MR, the PSMR leads to a higher conversion and lower recovery factor when the conversion is maximized, whilst the opposite situation occurs when maximizing the recovery factor. Furthermore, the role of the heat exchange area between the furnace and the reactor is studied, considering a PSMR with adiabatic permeative stages. From this case, it is possible to see that the greater advantage of this apparatus (having the same membrane area, catalyst amount and heat-exchange area as the MR) consists in a much higher recovery factor (+21% ca.), which at the end demonstrates to be the most convenient objective function by means of the introduction of an overall performance index, identified as the hydrogen recovery yield. Therefore, the analysis proposed in the present paper shows that the reactive/permeative stage distribution has to be considered an important reactor design parameter, which can be opportunely modified to improve the performances of the process.     

Insights into the metabolite profiles of Rubus chingii Hu at different developmental stages of fruit

The fruits of Rubus chingii Hu have high medicinal and nutritional values. However, the metabolite profiles of R. chingii, especially the alterations during different development stages of fruit, have not been comprehensively analyzed, hindering the effective utilization of the unique species. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the metabolites of R. chingii fruit at four developmental stages using systematic untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics analysis and identified 682 metabolites. Significant changes were observed in metabolite accumulation and composition in fruits during the different developmental stages. The contents of the index components, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and ellagic acid, were the highest in immature fruit. The analysis identified 64 differentially expressed flavonoids and 39 differentially expressed phenolic acids; the accumulation of most of these differentially expressed metabolites decreased with the developmental stages of fruit from immaturity to maturity. These results confirmed that the developmental stages of fruit are a critical factor in determining its secondary metabolite compositions. This study elucidated the metabolic profile of R. chingii fruit at different stages of development to understand the dynamic changes in metabolites.     

汽轮机湿蒸汽级中凝结流动的三维数值分析

对一台凝汽式汽轮机低压末三级中的湿蒸汽自发凝结流动进行了三维数值分析,并与忽略自发凝结影响的流动计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,自发凝结流动中,湿蒸汽级组内焓降在各级之间的分配、各级反动度、级的工作压力范围、叶栅出口气流角和出口气流速度发生明显变化。各湿蒸汽级处于“变工况”运行状态,部分湿蒸汽级内流动状况显著变差,并导致叶片强度与振动方面安全性降低。除非平衡凝结损失外,凝结导致湿蒸汽透平级“变工况”运行是湿蒸汽级效率降低的重要原因。     

Types of Localization of Plastic Deformation and Stages of Loading Diagrams of Metallic Materials with Different Crystalline Structures

Macrolocalization, which accompanies the process of plastic deformation beginning from the yield point and ending by fracture, is determined by the staged character of material-loading diagrams. The evolution of localization patterns in a plastic flow of body-centered cubic vanadium alloy, hexagonal close-packed magnesium alloy, tetragonal tin, and face-centered cubic submicrocrystalline aluminum is analyzed within this concept. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 176–184, March–April, 2006.     

论大学开展数学建模教育

数学建模教育是围绕数学建模而进行的教学和实践活动 .开展数学建模教育可以培养学生的创新意识与创造能力 .因此 ,大学开展数学建模教育具有重要作用 .但是 ,开展数学建模教育一定要结合大学生的年龄特点、知识结构和智力水平 ,结合正常教学的教材内容 ,分层次逐步推进 .所以 ,大学生的数学建模能力应分阶段培养 ,建模题目也应划分不同层次 ,从而达到面向全体提高大学生数学素质的目的 .     

约束商品经营者做虚假广告的两种博弈分析

广告是消费者了解商品的种类、价格和性能的重要信息途径 ,也是商品经营者重要的营销手段 .但是 ,目前社会上存在着商品经营者做虚假广告以追求超额利润的现象 .本文从政府监督部门与商品经营者之间、消费者与商品经营者之间的关系出发 ,对约束经营者做虚假广告作出博弈分析 ,并进一步讨论了消费者和经营者的多阶段 (无限次重复 )博弈等情况